Main Aspects Of Consumer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Main Aspects Of Consumer Behavior - Essay Example The fact that the customer likes the product and is satisfied with it means that the product has positive attributes. Recalled attribute information with respect to a product strongly influences the product choices and buying decision of the consumer (Hoyer & MacInnis, 2008). Environmental Impact: This falls under the social, ethical and moral values. It is known that consumer behavior is more closely connected to social, moral and ethical behavior of a consumer. As the consumer is concerned with the environment, the poor ratings of the product can negatively influence her decision making with respect to the product. Quality and Pricing: The consumer also has information about the quality and pricing of the product. In the current context, quality and pricing favors the product and is bound to positively impact the decision making (Hoyer & MacInnis, 2008). 2 What theoretical approach(es) best explain(s) this situation and how the consumer might cope with it? Remember to cover the main aspects of the theory/theories you use and explain how exactly they apply in this case. (max 2 pages) The current situation involves pro-social consumerism and ethical consumerism. Pro-social consumption is based on the ideology that one’s action must benefit others or society as a whole. In the current context, purchasing a product must not have negative effects on the society or the environment which is not the case. Being an environmentally concerned, the consumer, in this case, will tend to incline towards pro-social consumption as she is aware now that the product that she is buying has negative effects on the environment. Ethical consumerism is the practice of buying products or boycotting products that are produced by unethical means.

The category of tense Essay Example for Free

The category of tense Essay While the existence of the aspect category in English is a disputed matter, the tense category is universally recognised. Nobody has ever suggested to characterise the distinction, for example, between wrote, writes, and will write as other than a tense distinction. Thus we shall not have to produce any arguments in favour of the existence of the category in Modern English. As to the general definition of tense, there seems no necessity to find a special one for the English language. The basic features of the category appear to be the same in English as in other languages. [Ilyish 1971: 86] The category of tense is a verbal category that reflects the objective category of time. It correlates with the conceptual category of temporality. The essential characteristic feature of the category of tense is that it relates the time of the action, event or state of affairs referred to in the sentence to the time of the utterance. [Ð’Ð ¾Ã »Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ° 2009: 119] In English there are the three tenses (past, present and future) represented by the forms wrote, writes, will write, or lived, lives, will live. Strangely enough, some doubts have been expressed about the existence of a future tense in English. O. Jespersen discussed this question more than once. The reason why Jespersen denied the existence of a future tense in English was that the English future is expressed by the phrase â€Å"shall/will + infinitive†, and the verbs shall and will which make part of the phrase preserve, according to Jespersen, some of their original meaning (shall an element of obligation, and will an element of volition). Thus, in  Jespersen’s view, English has no way of expressing â€Å"pure futurity† free from modal shades of meaning, i.e. it has no form standing on the same grammatical level as the forms of the past and present tenses. However, this reasoning is not convincing. Though the verbs shall and will may in some contexts preserve or indeed revive their original meaning of obligation or volition respectively, as a rule they are free from these shades of meaning and expres s mere futurity. This is especially clear in sentences where the verb will is used as an auxiliary of the future tense and where, at the same time, the meaning of volition is excluded by the context, e.g. I am so sorry, I am afraid I will have to go back to the hotel.(R. West)Since the verb will cannot possibly be said to preserve even the slightest shade of the meaning of volition here, it can have only one meaning – that of grammatical futurity. The three main divisions of time are represented in the English verbal system by the three tenses. Each of them may appear in the common and in the continuous aspect. Thus we get six tense-aspect forms. Besides these six, however, there are two more, namely, the future-in-the-past and the future-continuous-in-the-past. It is common knowledge that these forms are used chiefly in subordinate clauses depending on a main clause having its predicate verb in one of the past tenses, e.g. This did not mean that she was content to live. It meant simply that e ven death, if it came to her here, would seem stale. (R. West) However, they can be found in independent clauses as well. The following passage from a novel by Huxley yields a good example of this use: It was after ten o’clock. The dancers had already dispersed and the last lights were being put out. To-morrow the tents would be struck, the dismantled merry-go-round would be packed into wagons and carted away. These are the thoughts of young man surveying the scene of a feast which has just ended. The tenses used are three: the tense which we call past perfect to denote the action already finished by that time (the dancers had dispersed), the past continuous to denote an action going on at that very moment (the lights were being put out) and the future-in-the-past to denote an action foreseen for the future (the merry-go-round would be packed and carted away). The future-in-the-past and future-continuous-in-the-past do not easily fit into a system of tenses represented by a straight line running out of the past into the future. They are a deviation from this straight line: their starting point is not the present, from which the past and the future are reckoned, but the past itself. A different view of the English tense system has been put forward by Prof. N. Irtenyeva. According to this view, the system is divided into two halves: that of tenses centering in the present, and that of tenses centering in the past. The former would comprise the present, present perfect, future, present continuous and present perfect continuous, whereas the latter would comprise the past, past perfect, future-in-the-past, past continuous and past perfect continuous. This view has much to recommend it. It has the advantage of reducing the usual threefold division of tenses to a twofold division (past and present) with each of the two future tenses (future and future-in-the-past) included into the past or the present system, respectively. A new theory of English tenses has been put forward by A. Korsakov. He establishes a system of absolute and anterior tenses, and of static and dynamic tenses. By dynamic tenses he means what we call tenses of the continuous aspect, and by the anterior tenses what we call tenses of the perfect correlation. The evaluation of this system in its relation to other views has yet to be worked out. [Ilyish 1971: 86-89] The tense category is realized through a number of oppositions. The binary principle of oppositions remains the basic one in the correlation of the forms that represent the grammatical category of tense. The present moment is the main temporal plane of verbal actions. Therefore, the temporal dichotomy may be illustrated by the following graphic representation (the arrows show the binary opposition): Present Past Future I Future II Generally speaking, the major tense-distinction in English is undoubtedly that which is traditionally described as an opposition of past::present. But this is best regarded as a contrast of past::non-past. [Ð’Ð ¾Ã »Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ° 2009: 119-120] When speaking of the expression of time by the verb, it is necessary to strictly distinguish between the general notion of time, the lexical denotation of time, and the grammatical time proper, or grammatical temporality. All the lexical expressions of time, according as they refer or do not refer the denoted points or periods of time, directly or obliquely, to this moment, are divided into â€Å"present-oriented†, or â€Å"absolute† expressions of time, and â€Å"non-present-oriented†, â€Å"non-absolute† expressions  of time. The absolute time denotation, in compliance with the experience gained by man in the course of his cognitive activity, distributes the intellective perception of time among three sph eres: the sphere of the present, with the present moment included within its framework; the sphere of the past, which precedes the sphere of the present by way of retrospect; the sphere of the future, which follows the sphere of the present by way of prospect. Thus, words and phrases like now, last week, in our century, in the past, in the years to come, very soon, yesterday, in a couple of days, giving a temporal characteristic to an event from the point of view of its orientation in reference to the present moment, are absolute names of time. The non-absolute time denotation does not characterise an event in terms of orientation towards the present. This kind of denotation may be either â€Å"relative† or â€Å"factual†. The relative expression of time correlates two or more events showing some of them either as preceding the others, or following the others, or happening at one and the same time with them. Here belong such words and phrases as after that, before that, at one and the same time with, some time later, at an interval of a day or two, at different times, etc. The factual expression of time either directly states the astronomical time of an event, or else conveys this meaning in terms of historical landmarks. Under this heading should be listed such words and phrases as in the year 1066, during the time of the First World War, at the epoch of Napoleon, at the early period of civilisation, etc. In the context of real speech the above types of time naming are used in combination with one another, so that the denoted event receives many-sided and very exact characterisation regarding its temporal status. [БÐ »Ã ¾Ã'… 1983: 137-138] Literature cited БÐ »Ã ¾Ã'… ÐÅ". Ð ¯. Ð ¢Ã µÃ ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ð ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ¼Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ ° Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ã' Ã ·Ã'‹Ð ºÃ °: Ð £Ã'‡Ð µÃ ±Ã ½Ã ¸Ã º. ДÐ »Ã'  Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ² Ã'„Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¾Ã ». Ã'„Ð °Ã º. Ã'Æ'Ð ½-Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ² Ð ¸ Ã'„Ð °Ã º. Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã ». Ã' Ã ·. Ð ¿Ã µÃ ´Ã ²Ã'Æ'Ð ·Ã ¾Ã ²./ ÐÅ". Ð ¯. БÐ »Ã ¾Ã'… – ÐÅ".: Ð’Ã'‹Ã' Ã'ˆ. Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã °, 1983. – 383 Ã' . Ð’Ð ¾Ã »Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ° Л. ÐÅ". Ð ¢Ã µÃ ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã'‡Ð ½Ã ° Ð ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ ° Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã'â€"Ð ¹Ã' Ã'Å'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'â€" Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¸: Ð ¡Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð °Ã' Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¹ Ð ¿Ã'â€"Ð ´Ã'…Ã'â€"Ð ´. Ð Ã °Ã ²Ã'‡. Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã' Ã'â€"Ð ±Ã ½Ã ¸Ã º./ Л. ÐÅ". Ð’Ð ¾Ã »Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã ° – К.:  «ÃÅ¾Ã' Ã ²Ã'â€"Ã'‚Ð ° Ð £Ã ºÃ'€Ð °Ã'â€"Ð ½Ã ¸Ã‚ », 2009. – 256 Ã'  . Ilyish B. The Structure of Modern English./ B. Ilyish – Л.: ПÃ'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã ²Ã µÃ'‰Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ, 1971. – 387 Ã'€.

Rutherford B. Hayes Essays -- essays research papers

	 Rutherford B. Hayes was considered by many to be a simple, uncontroversial, and honest man to run for the presidency. That is why many people are perplexed that such an astute person should have one of the most controversial elections and presidencies ever. Considering Hayes’ honorable principles, it came as a surprise to see how he could unknowingly make a decision about reconstruction where its effects were so blatantly derogatory to the cause he was trying to help. 	The controversy began when he was merely running for office. Hayes was running against Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. When the ballots were tallied in 1876, Hayes clearly lost the popular vote, and had lost the electoral vote 184 to 165 . However, twenty votes in Oregon, South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana were disputed due to the protest that blacks were not given the equal chance to go to the polls and vote. Congress created and electoral commission, which carefully decided that Hayes would receive all twenty votes. Facing the possibility that the country would be left without a president, both parties were considering taking the office by force. In spite of all the conflict, a deal was finally struck. Republicans made a secret deal with Democrats in congress, who agreed not to dispute the Hayes victory in exchange for a promise to withdraw federal troops from the south and end reconstruction . Hayes made good on the deal. He swiftly ended Reconstruction and pulled federal t roops out of the last two occupied states, South Carolina and Louisiana . During the brief period of radical reconstruction the negro enjoyed both civil and political rights. 	This political bargain contained three generally recognized parts: 1) The north would keep hands off the ‘negro problem’. 2) The rules governing race relations in the South would be written by whites. 3) These rules would concede the negro limited civil rights, but neither social nor political equality (page 787) . It is clear, however, that by 1876-77, a majority of white Americans were weary of continuing to battle southern retaliation to the reconstruction, especially when there appeared some possibility that the South was ready to give more than lip service to the rights promised by the Civil War Amendments. This bargain quickly caused an uproar by its opponents. Democrat William Clay said, "Instead of withdrawing... ...et out his southern policy very clearly. He wanted to eliminate political acts of violence against blacks. He insisted, and believed, that white southerners would adhere to the tenets of the Civil War Amendments. He insisted that the federal government had a responsibility to provide aid for education and public improvements. He also believed it was essential that honest government by educated citizens be restored in the south. His theory was that this kind of government could be achieved by insuring that blacks get an education so they can participate intelligently in the elections. His ideal of having educated blacks was quite strong. Hayes said, "securing peace, prosperity, and the protection of human rights require education. As long as any considerable numbers of our countrymen are uneducated, the citizenship of every American in every state is impaired". There are many proofs that President Hayes had good intentions when making the policy to end reconstruction. His goal was to help the black man gain and maintain civil rights. Although he couldn’t foresee at the time, ending reconstruction was a decision that rapidly decelerated the black man’s race for equality.

How to Support Individuals With Specific Communication Needs

Support individuals with specific communication needs Unit 4222-324 (HSC 3029) 1 – Understand specific communication needs and factors affecting them 1. Explain the importance of meeting an individual’s communication needs Individuals who have communication problems need support to enable them to express themselves effectively. It is therefore important for the carer to be aware of the individuals preferred method of communication and also to support the individual to use their preferred method. Individuals have the right to communicate through their chosen method and their choice should be acknowledged and respected by supporting them. The individual’s right are particularly important when using specific communication methods and language because it’s their major way of communicating their needs and preferences. Communication is a basic human right. Without communication the individual is unable to realise or exercise their rights. Under the Human Rights Act 1998 all individuals have the right to ‘freedom of expression’. If unable to communicate they would be denied these rights. 2. Explain how own role and practice can impact on communication with an individual who has specific communication need As a carer it is your role and responsibility to support individuals to express themselves. The way in which you can do this is by assessing their needs, access information regarding their communication needs, providing the appropriate support, aids or equipment, encouraging and motivating communication, working with others and by monitoring the effectiveness of that support. Without the appropriate support the individual would be unable to express their needs or how they are feeling which can lead to both emotional and physical difficulties. By fully supporting individuals with specific communication needs you are able to support their rights. 3. Analyse features of the environment that may help or hinder communication It is difficult and frustrating to communicate effectively when there is background noise, therefore arranging the environment to aid communication is very important step to achieving effective communication with ndividuals. As a carer you should arrange the individual’s environment to facilitate effective communication and promote understanding. This can be done by ensuring privacy and going into a quiet room Some factors that can hinder good communication are:Poor lighting, individuals with poor sight are unable to see youBackground noise from the TV, radio, other individualsObstacles between you as a care worker and the individual eg furnitureInsufficient distance between you and the individual, leading to you encroaching on their personal space.4. Analyse reasons why an individual may use a form of communication that is not based on a formal language system Sensory disabilities Hearing loss Sight loss Learning disabilities Down’s syndrome Autism Physical disabilities Cerebral palsy Mental health problems Dementia Other mental health problems 5. Identify a range of communication methods and aids to support individuals to communicateBritish sign language (BSL)Picture exchange communication systems (PECS)Talking microwavesHearing aidsInterpreterTranslatorAdvocate1. Describe the potential effects on an individual of having unmet communication needs. Behaviour – If an individual is not supported to communicate effectively they can become increasingly withdrawn, depressed and isolated. This may affect their self-esteem and they may begin to develop feelings of frustration and uselessness. Their behaviour may change as they vent their frustrations with acts of anger or even violence. Others may become confused, angry and frustrated. These effects include:Physical and emotional problemsDepression Isolation, becoming withdrawn from othersFrustrationLow self esteemLoss of confidenceA feeling of uselessness2 – Be able to contribute to establishing the nature of specific communication needs of individuals and ways to address them 2.1 Work in partnership with the individual and others to identify the individual’s specific communication needsTalking to the individual or observing the individual interacting with others.Accessing previous records after permission has been sought from the appropriate person.Talking to colleagues who know the individual. Talking to family membersTalking to other professionals2.2 Contribute to identifying the communication methods or aids that will best suit the individual By observing the individual when they are communicating with you or others you will be able to identify the methods or aids which will best suit the individual. You may have noticed that the individual appears hard of hearing. You would then arrange a hearing test for the individual to establish if they have a problem and obtain equipment in the form of hearing aids, if needed. 2. Explain how and when to access information and support about identifying and addressing specific communication needs. During an initial assessment an individual’s ability and communication methods are established. This is done when an individual arrives into care. Everyone involved in the care of this service user is made aware of their needs and preferences regarding communication and any changes are recognised during reviews and shared with the team to ensure the individual’s needs are met. 3 – Be able to interact with individuals using their preferred communication 3. prepare the environment to facilitate communication 3.2 Use agreed methods of communication to interact with the individual 3.3 Monitor the individual’s responses during and after the interaction to check the effectiveness of communication By observing an individual’s communication cues (non-verbal signal used with or without speech to indicate the individual’s thoughts and feelings) and exercising effective listening, you will be able to determine if the individual has understood the communication. By asking closed questions you will be able to confirm that they have understood what has been said. Also by asking them to repeat what you have discussed you will be able to confirm their understanding. 3.4 Adapt own practice to improve communication with the individual. use closed questions to obtain yes or no answersuse open questions to encourage a more in-depth answeravoid asking too many things at once to prevent confusionallow the individual time to respondnot interrupt the individual whilst they are communicating or anticipate their responseshow the individual that you are interested in them.Use appropriate body language such as nodding, smiling and leaning towards the individual.Avoid using jargonBe aware of the different meanings of words e. g. Jam, could mean a preserve or could mean a blockage as in traffic jam.Keep communication simple4 – Be able to promote communication between individuals and others 4.1 Support the individual to develop communication methods that will help them to understand others and be understood by them As a carer you should encourage and motivate individuals to communicate by providing the correct support, aids and equipment. It is your responsibility to ensure that the individuals you provide care for and others involved in the individuals’ lives are able to communicate effectively. For communication to be effective everyone involved will need to have the same understanding of the communication method used. When supporting individuals with their communication you may need to support others with whom that individual wishes to communicate. This could include other carers, family, friends, peers or professionals. 4.2 Provide opportunities for the individual to communicate with others 4.3 Support others to understand and interpret the individual’s communication 4.4 Support others to be understood by the individual by use of agreed communication methods. For communication to be effective all the people involved will need to have the same understanding of the communication method used. When supporting individuals with their communication you may need to support others with whom that individual wishes to communicate. Support may involve the use of human aids, symbolic aids and technical aids. You will need to explain the appropriate communication method and also show the others how the communication aids work. Wherever possible the support given should encourage the individual to do as much of the communicating as independently as possible. 5 – Know how to support the use of communication technology and aids 5.1 Identify specialist services relating to communication technology and aids Aids and equipment are often provided through the social services department of your local council. The National Health Service (NHS) Hospital Eye Service can also prescribe a range of aids for people with partial sight. All blind and visually impaired people are entitled to a health and social care assessment from their local council. This means someone from social services  will assess their needs to make sure you get the equipment and services that are right for them. The local social services department can put them in touch with a rehabilitation worker, who can help individuals to communicate more easily 5. Describe types of support that an individual may need in order to use communication technology and aids Support may be provided in various forms. Some users will require regular support and advice with regard to use of the communication aid. Support can also come from within the user’s own family. It is important to identify the level of support each individual user has within their own environment. Family members can be of great help in supporting the user especially in the initial stages of using the communication aid. In order to ensure that the user obtains the maximum benefit from the new technology, training must be provided. The most important training needs for the user is competence in the use of the communication aid. This should consist of instruction in the operation of the particular communication equipment as well as maintenance and charging of the equipment if necessary. It may be important to provide training to all the carers, or it may be appropriate to select a few to be trained to deal with different aspects of the communication aid and its use in the environment. Explain the importance of ensuring that communication equipment is correctly set up and working properly. As a carer it is important that you ensure any equipment the individual use’s to communicate with, is available, working and is in a safe condition. With regards health and safety, electrical communication equipment should be checked by a qualified and approved electrician to ensure it is fit for use. The equipment should have a label attached to it stating when the equipment was tested, who by and when the next check is due. 6 – Be able to review an individual’s communication needs and the support provided to address them 6.1 Collate information about an individual’s communication and the support provided The initial assessment will be carried out as stated earlier collating all risks and preferences from the individual. This information together with the communication method the individual prefers and any aids which they use to support their communication will then be written into the individuals care plan so that any changes to the base line can be monitored. This record should include the nature of their communication differences, how they show themselves and ways which you have found are effective in overcoming the differences. 6.2 Contribute to evaluating the effectiveness of agreed methods of communication and support provided The agreed methods of communication and support are only effective for as long as the individuals communication skills remain the same. If their skills change then so do their support needs. As a carer you will be expected to recognise and report on changes to the individual’s communication skills. 6. Work with others to identify ways to support the continued development of communication. It is important that everyone involved in the care of the individual works as part of a team to establish the best support for that person. When changes occur it is important that the correct help and support is obtained immediately so that the individual does not feel frustrated or isolated by being unable to communicate effectively. Significant changes in an individual’s ability to communicate should be referred to the speech therapist or GP involved in the individual’s care for professional investigation and monitoring.

Formal statements that are prevalent Essay

Formal statements that are prevalent -? Suggest what about the organization? â€Å"Cisco Systems’ vision is to change the way we work, live, play and learn. Our mission is to shape the future of the Internet in ways that empower individuals to participate fully in our vision. This powerful shared vision and mission is what we all have in common at Cisco. Equally compelling is the broad spectrum of unique skills, perspectives, values and behaviors that influence how we each like to work, live, play and learn. This is what defines Cisco’s diversity† (Chambers, 2003). Cisco’s culture drives the company to set high standards for corporate integrity and to give back by using Cisco’s resources for a positive global impact. Strong, mutually beneficial relationships with partners, customers, shareholders, and the people who work for, with and near Cisco are essential to the business (Good opening statement) Workspace: The Organizational Culture Spare lines, bare walls, and sweeping curves are the non-ornaments of the CISCO workplace; these are cultural clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s for futurism and modern thinking that have been used since the 1920’s. Flat screen monitors are hung like paintings on the wall. More modern than the design proper is the CISCO Vice President Dave Rossetti’s concept of the ideal office. Brad Stone of Newsweek writes, â€Å"CISCO VP Dave Rossetti heads a research group of 100 colleagues working on the office of the future. Rossetti talks about a workspace comprising free-floating employees who walk into a building and find an empty â€Å"generic office† nearest to their current team of collaborators. The office features boringly blank walls and surfaces when unoccupied, but senses when an employee wants to sit there, perhaps by reading his ID badge. Then it automatically customizes itself. Suddenly, the proper e-mail account appears on the PC, and the Internet telephone adopts that employee’s extension. Even the digital picture frames render photos of the employee’s family, or a favorite Ansel Adams vista.† Clearly, the message is that the workers make the workplace come alive. Customization for the individual indicates the company’s desire to make sure the worker is comfortable. The fact that each office would be identical illustrates that all workers would have equal resources. Corporate colors in the Executive Briefing Center are a sea like green/blue and a tan as shown in the promotional brochure. Warm yellow light flows from recessed fixtures in a design of radiating hoops. Clearly the message is â€Å"we are a global company†. The color scheme replicates that of the globe. To be seen as an agile competitor in the marketplace, a competitive company will ensure that its workers have the necessary tools they need to do the job well. Slogans -? Inform people in the culture The article The Best Team in the Business, (Doyle, 2004) describes a CISCO conference that was held in Honolulu. During the conference CISCO used an IP-based interactive polling system to pound Hawaiian drums and scroll the words â€Å"Incredible things happen† across a screen. The CEO enters the stage to an AC/DC song blasting over the large sound system. This type of slogan and saying provides the public with the impression that CISCO is up to date on technology, innovative, and motivates the crowd on the company. With the loud beat and demonstrations, the public immediately receives the impression that CISCO works towards making sure the incredible things happen statement becomes a reality. Deliberate role modeling, training and teaching is emphasized. CISCO produces many different unique ways to provide employees with empowerment and therefore has developed teams to handle any type of situation CISCO refers to these teams as their channel teams (Doyle, 2004). Channel teams provide business experiences that actually allow an organization to quickly resolve a situation. Having this type of team allows the organization to pull resources together to brain storm, work towards resolving conflict, come up with project plans, and work towards future enhancements. Channel teams provide role modeling, training and teaching allowing an organization to depend on all resources and have them organized to handle the task at hand. Rewards -? Used to motivate employees There are a few rewards and status symbols that motivate the employees at CISCO. CISCO offers employees a comprehensive and flexible benefits package. Depending on the work site, employees may have access to additional services to help them balance the competing demands of work and home. In addition, CISCO leaders support ongoing training and continual career growth. Regardless of location, all employees have access to e-learning activities. Traditional instructor-led sessions are also available in most locations. Managers also have discretion to identify other creative ways their employees can develop new skills. One benefit most focused upon was telecommuting. The benefits most cited by telecommuters are qualitative–reclaimed commute time, flexible working hours, fewer interruptions, as well as more family time. The average telecommuters savings (not including tolls and parking) resulting from a reduced IRS-established mileage rate). Their wardrobe and dry-cleaning costs were reduced by 40%, and lunch and snack expenses were reduced by a factor of five. Employees are able to work in an environment that is designed to meet their individual needs and style. Better relationships with spouses and children, improved personal morale and fewer sick days are cited by more than 80% of individuals who work some of their time at home. Stories, legends and myths The history of a company often tells a story that epitomizes the very nature of the company. CISCO Systems Inc. has such a story that shows the CEO’s concern for his employees. During 2002, John Chambers was CEO of CISCO SYSTEMS INC. When he learned that a CISCO employee needed a surgical procedure that only three doctors in the country could perform, he called and made the arrangements himself. (Hooper, 2002) This shows how culturally this company is like one big family. Organizational activities ?- Organizational Reactions to Critical Incidents CISCO’s leaders measure and control many organizational activities, processes, and outcomes. An important facet of CISCO’s business is the intertwined relationships between quality control, inventory, planning, and ordering. To assist with this process CISCO partners with dozens of companies. In particular, Flextronics, one of the largest electronics contract manufacturers, has partnered to create a secure and seamless integration between the two giants. (Roberts, 2000). CISCO has also controlled a past internal downsizing event. After jobs were cut, CISCO gave employees an option to stay with the company and work, at a reduced salary, for a nonprofit organization. Approximately 80 employees opted for the chance to continue to work (Murray, 2001). This program allows CISCO to reduce its workforce temporarily, while giving themselves the future option and control to bring trained and qualified employees into the workforce again. CISCO’s organizational leaders are quick to react to incidents and crises. Recently, an approximated 800 megabytes of software code, used to direct Internet traffic, was reportedly stolen by criminal hackers. CISCO spokesman, Robert Barlow, responded to the attack by stating, â€Å"CISCO is fully investigating what happened. As a matter of policy, we take security very seriously and we continue to take every measure to protect our intellectual property, employee, and customer information† (Musich, 2004). This attack is not just a security threat for CISCO, but the entire Internet. CISCO is maintaining a strong stance and will â€Å"continue to actively monitor the situation and will respond according to established processes and procedures, should the need arise† (Musich, 2004). Describe the workflow and organizational structure. In 2001 Cisco started to arrange its business structure from line of business to 11 technology groups, centralizing its engineering and marketing organizations to support this structure. (Pallatto, 2001) Details of this structure can be found at Cisco’s Website (http://newsroom.cisco.com). (This is a good way to direct the reader to an area, without including it in the paper). In the future it may be hepful to say ie search â€Å"corporate structure† on left side of website. The eleven areas that Cisco decided to focus on are Access, Aggregation, Core Routing, Ethernet Access, Internet Switching and Services, Cisco IOS Technologies Division, Network Management Services, Optical, Storage, Voice, and Wireless. This new organizational structure was developed to better enable Cisco to integrate solutions through out a company seamlessly across extranets, intranets, and the Internet. Organizational systems and procedures Organizational structure impacts the performance of the firm. Alfred Chandler suggested in his classic research that structure follows strategy. Through the years, organizations have altered their structures to better meet the demands of the competitive marketplace. CISCO Systems announced a number of changes in their organizational structure during the summer of 2001. Changing customer requirements and the inherent market opportunity were at the heart of the change. When CISCO created its line of business structure in April 1997, our enterprise, commercial, and service provider customers were building separate networks with predominantly unique product requirements. â€Å"Today, our customers want our products to move across all of these customer segments. They want a network of networks that are seamless and have transparent integration across extranets, intranets, and the Internet. As our customers and the industry evolve, CISCO continues to evolve its organization† (Chamber, 2001). The new centralized technology groups and marketing organization are a logical extension of CISCO’s Six-Point Plan. They began organizing the company around profit contribution, aligning resources to create efficiencies, and focusing on markets with growth opportunities. Centralized technology is also consistent with the breakaway strategy to take advantage of inflection points in the market. â€Å"We believe our changing customer requirements signal an important market transition point. Our new organizational structure will accelerate innovation and aggressively expand CISCO’s product leadership capabilities consistent with customer expectations for a single product architecture and strategy with clear product roadmaps† (Chambers, 2001). However, this new structure will allow CISCO’s technology differentiation to be at the forefront of messaging and competitive positioning. This change will lead to more efficiency in CISCO’s time-to-market with pro ducts, better use of engineering resources, and deliver a stronger competitive position overall. Organizational goals and associated criteria CISCO Systems is one of the most innovative companies in the high-technology industry.(Doyle, 2004) They hire talented people who can continue CISCO’s global leadership, delivering networking products and solutions that help customers achieve their business goals. Employers who invest in certifications experience a quick return on their training and certification investment. Investing in their skills brings improved employee morale, confidence, and productivity, while increasing the CISCO bottom line. To be part of the team an individual must be willing to accept a lot and part with nearly as much. Travel, for example, is intense. Team members say they rarely get by on anything less than 60-hour work weeks, and that doesn’t include time in the air, which is significant when considering they frequently huddle together all over the world for team meetings. Often, there are requisite get-togethers that are not considered part of the job, but merely adjuncts to it. That would include the weekend that members of Mounford’s team spent skiing in Chamonix, France, where he maintains a ski chalet. Then there are the rigors of the job, which can be intense. They’re compounded by the competitiveness of the individual team members. References Doyle, T. C. (2004, May). The Best Team in the Business, Cover Story. VARBusiness. Hooper, L. (2002). No. 7 John Chambers. Computer Reseller News 74. Retrieved May 24, 2004, from the RDS Business and Management database at the UPO Library London, Simon. (2004, May). CISCO shares fall on investor fears. The Financial Times, 17. Retrieved May 22, 2004, from InfoTrac OneFile database. Murray, Sarah. (2001, October). Human resources: Jobless staff gain community spirit: CISCO employees have the option of being seconded to non-profit organizations. The Financial Times, 2. Retrieved May 22, 2004. Musich, Paula. (2004, May). CISCO source code reportedly stolen. eWeek. Retrieved May 22, 2004, from InfoTrac OneFile database. Pallatto, J. (2001, October). Cisco searches for a market recovery. Internet World, 7 (18): 22, October 2001. Retrieved May 25, 2004, from the RDS Business and Management database at the UPO Library Roberts, Bill. (2000, July). Ready, fire, aim. Electronic Business, v26(7) 80. Retrieved May 22, 2004, from InfoTrac OneFile database. Stone, Brad. (2003, April) Newsweek, Vol. 141 Issue 17, p46, 2p, 1c. Retrieved May 23, 2004, from EBSCOHost Research Database. Unknown. (2001, August). Q&A: John Chambers Discusses. NEWS @ CISCO. Retrieved May 24, 2004 from http://newsroom.CISCO.com/dlls/hd_082301.html

Free Essays on The Democratic Primary

The Democratic Primary ABSTRACT With the election of President of the United States approaching there are many people vying for the opportunity to be on the ballot. There are nine contenders for the Democratic Party attempting to gain their parties favor for this honor. I will show the different tactics and strategies of the contenders for this primary election. They will coerce you and attempt to gain your support by every know tactic and play many psychological games with the public in order to gather support. I will break down the popular contenders and show their game plan. The Democratic Primary The election of 2004 is rapidly approaching and the Democratic Party is gathering their best for the race. There are nine candidates that are vying for the party’s endorsement. The democratic primary is going to be a hard fought battle and all the stops are being pulled in order to influence the voters. The candidates are using every trick in their arsenal to obtain votes. Each candidate with the exception of Dennis Kucinich has a campaign song. The songs are even used to sway the attitude of the voters, from Kerry’s â€Å"I Won’t Back Down† by Tom Petty to Gephardt’s â€Å"The Best† by Tina Turner. (WWW.MSNBC.COM) This campaign is coming down to a psychological battle with every candidate using all their abilities to sway the vote. John Kerry is using the fact that he was a Viet Nam veteran to his full advantage. In the Detroit debate when Lieberman questioned him about voting against the $87 billion appropriation for Iraq he answered â€Å" Well, Joe, I have seared in me an experience which you don’t have, and that’s the experience of being one of those troops on the front lines when the policy has gone wrong.† He went on to explain why his vote was a better way to protect the troops, but what made ... Free Essays on The Democratic Primary Free Essays on The Democratic Primary The Democratic Primary ABSTRACT With the election of President of the United States approaching there are many people vying for the opportunity to be on the ballot. There are nine contenders for the Democratic Party attempting to gain their parties favor for this honor. I will show the different tactics and strategies of the contenders for this primary election. They will coerce you and attempt to gain your support by every know tactic and play many psychological games with the public in order to gather support. I will break down the popular contenders and show their game plan. The Democratic Primary The election of 2004 is rapidly approaching and the Democratic Party is gathering their best for the race. There are nine candidates that are vying for the party’s endorsement. The democratic primary is going to be a hard fought battle and all the stops are being pulled in order to influence the voters. The candidates are using every trick in their arsenal to obtain votes. Each candidate with the exception of Dennis Kucinich has a campaign song. The songs are even used to sway the attitude of the voters, from Kerry’s â€Å"I Won’t Back Down† by Tom Petty to Gephardt’s â€Å"The Best† by Tina Turner. (WWW.MSNBC.COM) This campaign is coming down to a psychological battle with every candidate using all their abilities to sway the vote. John Kerry is using the fact that he was a Viet Nam veteran to his full advantage. In the Detroit debate when Lieberman questioned him about voting against the $87 billion appropriation for Iraq he answered â€Å" Well, Joe, I have seared in me an experience which you don’t have, and that’s the experience of being one of those troops on the front lines when the policy has gone wrong.† He went on to explain why his vote was a better way to protect the troops, but what made ...

Free Essays on The Importance Of 24 Hours

The Importance of 24 Hours I have had important years, some fairly significant months and maybe a few notable weeks, but I can’t say I’ve had too many earth shattering days. It is only 24 hours after all. There is one particular day, however, that could probably be justified as important, maybe even the most important day for me: March 10th 1980. I can honestly say I would not be the person I am today if not for that day and its events. Everything I would ever need was introduced to me that day. I met several people who would be there to support me in all my future ventures, successful or not. They would teach me many valuable strategies to make my goals attainable. I met a woman with a great knowledge of many useful skills and tricks she would happily share with me. There was a girl, and she promised that day to guide me through the toughest times and to prepare me for when she could not be there. The man who was there would someday walk me up to the biggest decision of my life and give me and my decision to someone new. They make up a pretty good team. It’s such a natural and basic thing that one’s birthday would not be the typical response to â€Å"What was the most important day of you life?† but it should be. That is the day when all your foundations are laid, whether they are good or bad, that is where our life will begin. And I was off to a pretty good start. The first woman I met, my mother would some day teach me all the basics I would need to get me by in life. She would teach me to cook, clean, sew, pretty much just how to run a house. She would also explain to me all the other things a woman needs to know. She would be there from the very beginning to the very end. My father’s role however would not be so big and would not come until later on in my life. He would be there to show me how to have fun, how to get into trouble and, hopefully, how to get out of trouble. Later on he would have b... Free Essays on The Importance Of 24 Hours Free Essays on The Importance Of 24 Hours The Importance of 24 Hours I have had important years, some fairly significant months and maybe a few notable weeks, but I can’t say I’ve had too many earth shattering days. It is only 24 hours after all. There is one particular day, however, that could probably be justified as important, maybe even the most important day for me: March 10th 1980. I can honestly say I would not be the person I am today if not for that day and its events. Everything I would ever need was introduced to me that day. I met several people who would be there to support me in all my future ventures, successful or not. They would teach me many valuable strategies to make my goals attainable. I met a woman with a great knowledge of many useful skills and tricks she would happily share with me. There was a girl, and she promised that day to guide me through the toughest times and to prepare me for when she could not be there. The man who was there would someday walk me up to the biggest decision of my life and give me and my decision to someone new. They make up a pretty good team. It’s such a natural and basic thing that one’s birthday would not be the typical response to â€Å"What was the most important day of you life?† but it should be. That is the day when all your foundations are laid, whether they are good or bad, that is where our life will begin. And I was off to a pretty good start. The first woman I met, my mother would some day teach me all the basics I would need to get me by in life. She would teach me to cook, clean, sew, pretty much just how to run a house. She would also explain to me all the other things a woman needs to know. She would be there from the very beginning to the very end. My father’s role however would not be so big and would not come until later on in my life. He would be there to show me how to have fun, how to get into trouble and, hopefully, how to get out of trouble. Later on he would have b...

A to Z Animal Profiles List By Common Name

A to Z Animal Profiles List By Common Name Animals (Metazoa) are a group of living organisms that includes more than one million identified species and many millions more that have yet to be named. Scientists estimate that the number of all animal species- those that have been named and those that have yet to be discovered- is between 3 and 30 million species. The following is an A to Z list of animal profiles available at this site, sorted alphabetically by common name: A Aardvark - Orycteropus afer - An arched-backed mammal with long ears. Adà ©lie penguin - Pygoscelis adeliae - A penguin that gathers in huge colonies. African elephant - Loxodonta africana - The largest living land animal. American beaver - Castor canadensis - One of two living species of beavers. American bison - Bison bison - The majestic herbivore of the Great Plains. American black bear - Ursus americanus -  One of three North American bears. American moose - Alces americanus -  The largest member of the deer family. Amphibians - Amphibia - The first land vertebrates. Amur leopard - Panthera pardus orientalis - One of the worlds most endangered cats. Animals - Metazoa - The high-level group to which all animals belong. Arctic wolf - Canis lupus arctos - A white-coated subspecies of the grey wolf. Arthropods - Arthropoda - A highly diverse group of invertebrates. Asian elephant - Elephas maximus - The elephants of  India and Southeast Asia. Atlantic puffin - Fratercula arctica - A small seabird of the North Atlantic. Atlantic white-sided dolphin - Lagenorhynchus acutus - A most colorful dolphin. Aye-aye - Daubentonia madagascariensis - An odd-looking prosimian of Madagascar. B Badger, European - Meles meles - The mustelids of  the British Isles, Europe, and Scandinavia. Baleen Whales - Mysticeti - Bar-headed goose - Anser indicus - Barn owls - Tytonidae - Bats - Chiroptera - Beaver, American - Castor canadensis - Birds - Aves - Birds of prey - Falconiformes - Bison, American - Bison bison - Black rhinoceros - Diceros bicornis - Black-footed ferret - Mustela nigripes - Blue-footed booby - Sula nebouxii - Blue whale - Balaenoptera musculus - Bobcat - Lynx rufus - Bornean orangutan - Pongo pygmaeus - Bottlenose dolphin - Tursiops truncatus - Brown bear - Ursus arctos - Burchells zebra - Equus burchellii - C Caecilians - Gymnophiona - California sea hare - Aplysia californica - Canada goose - Branta canadensis - Canids - Canidae - Caracal - Caracal caracal - Caribou - Rangifer tarandus - Carnivores - Carnivora - Cartilaginous fishes - Chondrichthyes - Cats - Felidae - Cetaceans - Cetacea - Cheetah - Acinonyx jubatus - Chordates - Chordata - Cichlids - Cichlidae - Cnidaria - Cnidaria - Common dolphin - Delphinus delphis - Common seal - Phoca vitulina - Crocodilians - Crocodilia - D Dugong - Dugong dugong - Dusky dolphin - Lagenorhynchus obscurus - E Echinoderms - Echinodermata - Eland antelope - Tragelaphus oryx - Elephants - Proboscidea - Eurasian lynx - Lynx lynx - European badger - Meles meles - European common toad - Bufo bufo - European robin - Erithacus rubecula - Even-toed ungulates - Artiodactyla - F Firefish - Pterois volitans - Frigatebirds - Fregatidae - Frogs and toads - Anura - G Galapagos land iguana - Conolophus subcristatus - Galapagos tortoise - Geochelone nigra - Gastropods, slugs, and snails - Gastropoda - Gavial - Gavialis gangeticus - Giant anteater - Myrmecophaga tridactyla - Giant panda - Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Giraffe - Giraffa camelopardalis - Golden-crowned sifaka - Propithecus tattersalli - Gorilla - Gorilla gorilla - Gray whale - Eschrichtius robustus - Great white shark - Carcharodon carcharias - Greater flamingo - Phoenicopterus ruber - Green poison dart frog - Dendrobates auratus - Green sea turtle - Chelonia mydas - H Hammerhead sharks - Sphyrnidae - Hares, rabbits, and pikas - Lagomorpha - Hawksbill sea turtle - Eretmochelys imbricata - Herons, storks, ibises, and spoonbills - Ciconiiformes - Hippopotamus - Hippopotamus amphibus - Hummingbirds - Trochilidae - Hyenas - Hyaenidae - I Insects - Insecta - Irrawaddy dolphin - Orcaella brevirostris - Ivory-billed woodpecker - Campephilus principalis - J Jellyfish - Scyphozoa - K Koala - Phascolarctos cinereus - Komodo Dragon - Varanus komodoensis - L Lava lizard - Microlophus albemarlensis - Leatherback sea turtle - Dermochelys coriacea - Lemurs, monkeys, and apes - Primates - Leopard - Panthera pardus - Lion - Panthera leo - Lionfish - Pterois volitans - Lizards, amphisbaenians, and snakes - Squamata - Lobe-finned fishes - Sarcopterygii - Loggerhead turtle - Caretta caretta - M Mammals - Mammalia - Manatees - Trichechus - Marine iguana - Amblyrhynchus cristatus - Marsupials - Marsupialia - Meerkat - Suricata suricatta - Mollusks - Mollusca - Monarch butterfly - Danaus plexippus - Moose, American - Alces americanus - Mountain lion - Puma concolor - Mustelids - Mustelidae - N Neandertal - Homo neanderthalensis - Nene goose - Branta sandvicensis - Newts and Salamanders - Caudata - Nine-banded armadillo - Dasypus novemcinctus - Northern cardinal - Cardinalis cardinalis - Northern gannet - Morus bassanus - Northern bottlenose whale - Hyperoodon ampullatus - O Ocelot - Leopardus pardalis - Odd-toed ungulates - Perissodactyla - Orca - Orcinus orca - Ostrich - Struthio camelus - Owls - Strigiformes - P Panda - Ailuropoda melanoleuca - Panther - Panthera onca - Pelicans and relatives - Pelicaniformes - Penguins - Sphenisciformes - Pigeon guillemot - Cepphus columba - Pigs - Suidae - Polar bear - Ursus maritimus - Primates - Primates - Pronghorn - Antilocapra americana - Przewalskis wild horse - Equus caballus przewalskii - R Rabbits, hares, and pikas - Lagomorpha - Ray-finned fishes - Actinopterygii - Red-eyed tree frog - Agalychnis callidryas - Red fox - Vulpes vulpes - Reindeer - Rangifer tarandus - Reptiles - Reptilia - Rhinoceros, black - Diceros bicornis - Rhinoceros, white - Ceratotherium simum - Rhinoceros iguana - Cyclura cornuta - Rodents - Rodentia - Rodriguez flying fox - Pteropus rodricensis - Roseate spoonbill - Platalea ajaja - Ruby-throated hummingbird - Archilochus colubris - S Scarlet ibis - Eudocimus ruber - Sharks, skates and rays - Elasmobranchii - Shoebill - Balaeniceps rex - Siberian tiger - Panthera tigris altaica - Skates and rays - Batoidea - Skunks and stink badgers - Mephitidae - Snails, slugs and nudibranchs - Gastropoda - Snow leopard - Panthera uncia - Somali wild ass - Equus asinus somalicus - Southern tamandua - Tamandua tetradactyla - Sponges - Porifera - Spectacled bear - Tremarctos ornatus - Squamates - Squamata - T Tapirs - Family Tapiridae - Tiger - Panthera tigris - Tinamous - Tinamiformes - Toothed Whales - Odontoceti - Tuataras - Sphenodontida - Tufted titmouse - Baeolophus bicolor - Turtles and tortoises - Chelonia Tytonidae - Barn owls - W Wandering albatross - Diomedea exulans - Waterfowl - Anseriformes - Whale shark - Rhincodon typus - White rhinoceros - Ceratotherium simum - X Xenarthrans - Xenarthra -

Economic Development Strategies of China after WWII Essay

Economic Development Strategies of China after WWII - Essay Example Deng did not held office as the China’s President or head of state, Premier, or even as the General Secretary or as the leader of the Communist Party, but still he is regarded as the â€Å"paramount leader† of the Peoples Republic of China mainly because of his far-reaching and successful economic reforms, which only transformed China to the current superpower status. So, when China’s developmental strategies after World War II are focused, it naturally refers to Deng’s economic reforms and the related developmental strategies. Considering this fact, the discussion will about how Deng’s reforms and developmental strategies, particularly his strategies to introduce foreign investment and technology into China’s economy, giving autonomy to state-owned enterprises, and the establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) led to China’s optimum economic development. Deng came into the picture in the late 1970s when the patriarch of the Chinese Communist movement, Mao Zedong passed away in 1976 and importantly China was under a very pitiable economic condition. That is, under Mao regime, China following the footsteps of the erstwhile Soviet Union mainly developed many heavy industries, without diversification. This strategy provided little benefits for the average Chinese and even the normal consumer goods were scarcely available. So, â€Å"there was a prevailing sense among Chinas leaders that the economy was in crisis, and unless something drastic was done to improve human welfare, the survival of the regime itself was at risk† (Schuman 127). However, the leaders following Mao’s ideology wanted to continue the same economic strategy laced with Communist principles. On the other hand, Deng wanted to take the Chinese economy in an all-new direction. Instead of tinkering with the existing communist economic system, Deng wanted to la unch

Occupy Wall Street Movement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Occupy Wall Street Movement - Research Paper Example Occupy Wall Street remains very pivotal in the US corporate, political and financial history because of the implications it brought along, as shall be seen forthwith. 1. Moral and Economic Implications Involved In the Movement So profound are the moral implications of OWS that to sidestep them is to ignore the very factors that anteceded and triggered the movement, since the genesis of OWS stands on moral grounds. The moral implication of OWS is highly positive and tending towards ethical considerations, given that participants in OWS charged that any economic system that compels the majority to shoulder the burdens of the ruling class and rich capitalist owners’ excesses and to settle the costs of inchoately run industries (through the majority’s health or financial values or both) is immoral and unacceptable. Balderston (2012) divulges that it is important to note that the moral implications of OWS are inextricably intertwined with the economic ones. Particularly, the economic implication of OWS was that which voiced and supported ethical concerns of the country’s economy, since OWS was poignant that any economic system that enriched a powerful and well-connected few at the expense of the majority and by using the majority, is unethical, illegitimate and therefore, unacceptable. One of the areas in which this matter was contested is income inequality. OWS protesters rightly argued that income inequality had been widening over the last three decades, with the culmination of this development being the unequal distribution of economic values and economic stagnation. This situation would in turn lead to the assuaging of the workers’ zeal. Again, the consideration of ethical and economic implications is exemplified by concerns that OWS aired, concerning the influence that money had on politics and debts (student loans, mortgages and credit card debts), the inconsistence that characterized the debts of individual borrowers and those of b ig financial organizations, in the wake of the 2008/9 global economic recession. To propound moral and economic implications of the OWS, the movement affirmed that all flourishing is mutual. The sentiments of the movement continued that since the world is interconnected and interdependent, any damage that would be wrought on any part would undercut the realization of the complex whole. Because of this, every individual, no matter how rich and powerful, has the responsibility to respect affirmative obligations of compassion and justice to future and present generations of all. 2. Analyzing each of the implications identified above against the utilitarian, Kantian, and virtue ethics to determine which theory best applies to the movement The moral and economic implications discussed above also go hand-in-glove with the standpoint that utilitarians take. The veracity of this standpoint is seen in the fact that utilitarianism vouches for the greatest good for the highest number [possible ]. The applicability of the moral implication which stated that any economic system that compels the majority to shoulder the burdens of the ruling class and rich capitalist owners’ excesses and to settle the costs of inchoately run industries (through the majority’s health or financial values or both) is immoral and unacceptable to utilitarianism is that the majority who are the economically oppressed and exploited

Leadership in the Globalised Firms Research Paper

Leadership in the Globalised Firms - Research Paper Example The research paper "Leadership in the Globalised Firms" discusses different types of internal and external challenges of the globalized firms. These threats are reducing the potentials of growth and sustainability in the international market. Leadership is one of the key traits of the managers and administrative level of the firms.There are different types of leadership ethics like the golden rule, stakeholder approach to ethics and four-way test. Being the global leader, I use stakeholders approach in order to maintain a balance between the welfare of both senior management and subordinates. In this scenario, I have to follow the order of senior management as well as I have to answer the query of the employees. I cannot inform the employees regarding the reduction in pending staffing by 10%, as it will harm the motivational level of staff or team members. I will try to react against rumors in a positive manner. In the staff meeting, it is one of the most crucial ethical issues. I wi ll inspire my staff to provide their best contribution and fight to sustain in the firm. It will be a healthy competition, which will enhance the overall performance of the firm. This ethical strategy will help me to maintain my responsibility from both ends. Global leaders are adopting a different type of approaches to managing diversity among their followers and subordinates. The global organizations are facing an intense challenge in terms of maintaining cross cultural diversity and socio economic differentiation among the people.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 31

History - Essay Example One of the adherent causes named by many historians is the political conflict that existed at that time. This was the conflict between the monarchy and the nobility over the reform of the tax system that led to paralyses and bankruptcy. This was caused by the enormous amount spend on previous wars, particularly the financial upheaval caused by the French participation in the American revolutionary war. It increased the national debt to between 1000 and 2000 Livres. Secondly, the French revolution was caused by the social burdens caused by the war. This included the huge debt caused that was made worse by the loss of France’s colonial possessions in North America and the increasing dominance of Great Britain. At the time, France had an inefficient and antiquated financial system that was unable to manage the national debt. This was partially caused partially by the burden of inadequate system of taxation. This caused the king to call for an assembly of nobles in 1787. Another cause was the indecisiveness’ of the King of France at that time. He was known as King Louis XVI. It was perceived by the residents of France that the royal court of Versailles was sequestered from and unresponsive to the hardships of the lower classes. King Louis monarchy was an absolute monarchy and this accelerated the revolution, as citizens were unsatisfied with the administration. Stiff resistance from the nationals and the parliament faced this. He reduced the government spending while the parliament successfully thwarted his attempts to enacting the much-needed reforms. The forth cause of the revolution was resentments and aspirations that were given focus by the rise of enlighten nobles. These included the resentments of the royal absolutism. It aimed at eliminating the absolute monarchy system of government. There were also some upheavals that were caused by the peasant farmers, laborers and the poor people from that country.

The Case Against Affirmative Action Research Paper

The Case Against Affirmative Action - Research Paper Example For instance, since the blacks were treated as slaves once, it is justified that they should be getting some privileges over and above the whites that perhaps had no connection with slavery. The idea is based upon â€Å"Two Wrongs Make a Right Thesis† (Pojman) Despite all, one might argue essentially on the basis of discrimination alone that affirmative action cannot do justice to the society at large an is ethically wrong. 1. Students who begin their career at a disadvantage will need some thrust or support to move forward. Coming from black families put them often at a disadvantage in terms of economic and social status. They often belong to crime-infected families and are place at a disadvantage compared to the whites. 2. Affirmative action will draw the people from minority groups to choose those profession or academic careers, which they would not have thought in other circumstances. For instance, women are entering into fields of technology. It is important to alter the stereotypes in order to prevent future discrimination. 5. Another argument, which is often put forward states, is based upon â€Å"No One Deserves His Talents†. Individuals do not have claims to any particular merit; hence they will not have access to the better ranks or positions in the society. 1. Discrimination of any sort is bad even if it is biased towards the majority groups. In fact this is a case of reverse discrimination. It is pointless to punish the innocent white people for the wrongdoings of their ancestors. 2. The diversity argument is favor of affirmative action has been discussed before. However, in certain cases where a white policeman might be able to arrest a black criminal better and vice versa might be regarded as a case of merit instead of affirmative action. 3. The ‘No One Deserves His Talents’ is based on the ground – ‘If a person does not deserve what produces something, he does not

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 31

History - Essay Example One of the adherent causes named by many historians is the political conflict that existed at that time. This was the conflict between the monarchy and the nobility over the reform of the tax system that led to paralyses and bankruptcy. This was caused by the enormous amount spend on previous wars, particularly the financial upheaval caused by the French participation in the American revolutionary war. It increased the national debt to between 1000 and 2000 Livres. Secondly, the French revolution was caused by the social burdens caused by the war. This included the huge debt caused that was made worse by the loss of France’s colonial possessions in North America and the increasing dominance of Great Britain. At the time, France had an inefficient and antiquated financial system that was unable to manage the national debt. This was partially caused partially by the burden of inadequate system of taxation. This caused the king to call for an assembly of nobles in 1787. Another cause was the indecisiveness’ of the King of France at that time. He was known as King Louis XVI. It was perceived by the residents of France that the royal court of Versailles was sequestered from and unresponsive to the hardships of the lower classes. King Louis monarchy was an absolute monarchy and this accelerated the revolution, as citizens were unsatisfied with the administration. Stiff resistance from the nationals and the parliament faced this. He reduced the government spending while the parliament successfully thwarted his attempts to enacting the much-needed reforms. The forth cause of the revolution was resentments and aspirations that were given focus by the rise of enlighten nobles. These included the resentments of the royal absolutism. It aimed at eliminating the absolute monarchy system of government. There were also some upheavals that were caused by the peasant farmers, laborers and the poor people from that country.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 23

Marketing - Essay Example These uncontrollable elements often decide how an organisation operates - countries have different demographic attributes, tax structures, political and legal environments. Apple Inc. is one such orgabisation that has worked hard to create an image of a people oriented company and thus it has been a top priority for the company to identify with the masses and create a community (Weiss A., 2005). Challenges are immense for a global company – it faces issues like foreign exchange rate fluctuations, unstable government, shifting borders, corruption and counterfeiting. In spite of this it is a prerogative for the companies to internationalize their operations. They need to go closer to the markets they serve and take local factors of production into consideration. Multinational organisations have definite marketing objectives in mind when they venture into operations. The biggest queries center around their choice of country (which is determined by the competitive advantage, market attractiveness and risk associated with the nation), the mode of entry (different modes differ on the level of profit potential, risk, control and most importantly, commitment), and finally, the way in which the company adapts its marketing program to the local specifications. Before going into the details of Globalisation, Localisation and Glocalisation, it may be beneficial to understand how a company is faced with the challenge of adapting its marketing campaign – which involves the product(s), the marketing communication, the distribution format that the company adopts and the price at which the company decides to sell. Straight extension, product adaptation or product inventions are the strategically poised options open to the firm on the product front. It basically deals with the decision of the company to go with its existing portfolio,

Cell phones Essay Example for Free

Cell phones Essay Every time a person answers his/hers cell phone, their safety and the safety of others around them are being greatly jeopardized. Cell Phones today pose a major risk to the human body and civilian population. When cell phones heat up they emit radiation that known to increase the chances of someone getting cancer. Besides cancer, other medical complications; such as, arthritis and damaged sleep have increased thought the use of cellular devices. Not only do cell phones cause medical problems, but they also pose a huge security threat with personal information being easily stolen. Overall, the safety of humans is being compromised by the use of the seemingly harmless device, cell phones. Many doctors and scientists are claiming that cell phones are causing medical complications. For instance, the National Cancer Institute states, â€Å"Cell phones emit radiofrequency energy, a from of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, which can be absorbed by tissues closest to where the phones is held† (â€Å"Cell Phones and Cancer Risk†). What this is basically saying, is that the radiation being put out from the cell phones are damaging vital tissues, which is known to increase the risk of cancer. This links back to the main idea of the overall safety of humans, showing that cell phones do cause a serious risk factor to the human body. Another common concern with cell phones is the theory that texting can cause arthritis; â€Å"Repetitive motion can cause pain and inflammation of the basal joint. It can even lead to thumb arthritis† (Eustice). The article confirms that the constant motion of the thumbs can indeed cause arthritis. The safety of the consumer is being compromised when a popular means of communication; such as texting, can lead to a major medical complication. Recent studies show that headaches are increasing tremendously due to cell phones: â€Å"Radiation from mobile phones damages sleep and cause headaches, according to a study by telephone makers† (carter). In this study, researchers found an increasing amount of headaches were occurring with people who use cell phones regularly; opposed to people who rarely use them or don’t use them at all. An increase in headaches is very dangerous to the safety of the human body and can be a gateway to many other complications down the road. After an extensive amount of research, doctors and scientists have found that cell phones do cause medical issues to the human body. Cell phones security is a fairly new issue brought up by a numerous amount of concerned citizens, with the fear that their safety is being jeopardized. As technology increases, more and more people are resorting to devices, such as cell phones, to get them thought the day: â€Å"The more people rely on cell phones and tablets, the more attractive these devices become as targets to thieves and other nefarious types† (Gahran). With all of these devices being used constantly, crooks can easily retrieve the personal information any personal information any person puts out there through the devices they are using. This has become a huge safety issue due to the fact that private information is being stolen from people who expect their information on their cell phones to be safe and secure. A man was shown an application on his cell phone that could link up to other people’s cell phones: â€Å"’It made all the contacts start jumping over to this phone,’ said Gooden† (Kridler). Gooden explained that the application he was shown let him easily access his wife’s phone contacts. His friend that introduced this application to Gooden then went to explain that hackers usually take the contact information and dial premium-rate numbers. The safety of the people who are in others contact information is being compromised when they have result in paying a fee for â€Å"calling† these premium-rate numbers because of someone else stealing their numbers. Boktah, an expert security hacker, states â€Å"Most people have no idea how vulnerable they are when they use their cellphones† (Murphy). Bokath’s job is to hack into cell phones to find and express all of the flaws in the devices, thus demonstrating how easy it is for a hacker to do the same. With all the scamming going on, consumers need to be aware of what they do on their cell phones to protect themselves, as well as the safety of others. Safety from personal information being stolen by hackers happens to be key concern to numerous amounts of people; this way people will not be liable for paying fees or having their identity stolen. Cell phones safety is a key concern, which the vast majority of users brood over. Cellular devices have been known to cause cancer; as well as, an increasing amount of medical problems. Some of these problems are arthritis and damaged sleep. Medical complications are not the only concern; a breach in security is another top concern for people. In essence, safety is top priority for humans, and cell phones are compromising that safety.

The Role Of Librarians In National Development Education Essay

The Role Of Librarians In National Development Education Essay Public libraries are inclusive institutions created for everyone to equally and freely access information for educational, social and cultural development; indeed that is the essence of inclusion. However, this is not true because defining and identifying user inclusion is a difficult task due to the wide range of factors that cause potential users exclusion from using public libraries. This is unfortunate, because the major function of a public library is to meet the information needs of all community members without discrimination. Previous research has shown that librarians usually draw two conclusions about exclusion factors: first, it is users personal preference when they do not use library services; and secondly, inadequate marketing of public library services to the citizenry. This is due to the fact that a public library as an inclusive institution is so ardently incorporated into the identity of public librarianship that questioning the social inclusiveness of libraries rar ely occurs. This paper examines the issue of exclusion, attempts to define the inclusive society, and subsequently makes recommendation on how the librarians can use their professional capacity in service provision to combat the exclusion in the society in turn enhance development. Keywords: Evolving Professional Roles Introduction The term public library first appeared in Latin (bibliotheca publica) as a technical term in the 17th Century to distinguish the general University libraries of Oxford and Cambridge by then from those of endowed libraries (Kinya, 2011). UNESCO (1994) showed its recognition of public libraries when it stated that the public library is the principal means where the records of mans thoughts and ideas and the expression of his imagination are made freely available to all. In its manifesto, UNESCO further directs that the public library shall in principle be free of charge and services should be provided on the basis of equality of access for all persons regardless of age, race, gender, religion, nationality, language or social status. The manifesto declares UNESCOs belief in the public library as a breathing force for education, culture and information and as an indispensable agent for the nurturing of peace and spiritual wellbeing of society. This is in line with Cullen(2003) who define d public library system as a combination of people, activities, events and object resources working together to convert inputs to outputs. Such libraries serve communities with multipurpose information free of charge or at nominal fee (Thompson, 1974). Initially, Tanzania Library Service (TLS), established 1975, succeeding the Tanganyika Library Services Board of 1963. TLS has authority over documentation services, training of librarians public libraries, literary campaigns and it promotes indigenous literature. Public library and Information Access Discussion of the concept of public libraries would bear less meaning if global emphasis on freedom of access to information and the right to information are not mentioned here. The right of access to information is considered as a crucial human right and useful tool for individual, societal prosperity, freedom and development. An informed society exercises it democratic rights and plays a vigorous role in the society. However, productive contribution and the development of democracy depend on acceptable education and unlimited access to thought, culture and information (Kinya, 2011). Freedom of access to information (to use, share and distribute) is a right praised by some as the very core of the information society, and accused by others of being a merely formal standard with little practical reality in a world where the majority of the population does not have access to information (Pateman, 2010). With access to information, people should freely express themselves, since freedom of expression is one of the basic conditions for societys progress and for the development of every man. The effective implementation of freedom of expression requires citizens access to express opinions and to seek information in the public sphere; hence one of the current biggest challenges is to ensure that the exclusive charter of the information society is replaced by inclusiveness. This is something that any popular government in the world should pursue as echoed by some researchers who pointed out that a popular government without popular information or the means of acquiring it is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy, or perhaps both (Pateman, 2010; Lor, 2003). In support of what the governments should do to realize this dream of developing an informed society, the World Summit on the information society (WSIS) Declaration of 2003 created a vision for the information society. The WSIS defined information society as a people-centered, inclusive and development oriented information society, where everyone can create, access, utilize and share information and knowledge to enable individuals, communities and peoples to achieve their full potential in promoting their sustainable development and improving their quality of life. Unequal access to information leads to unequal distribution of wealth and resources in the world and poverty and lack of infrastructure and development at all levels, for example, health and education. Public Libraries thus form a basic information delivery infrastructure and act as repositories of information and knowledge that provide access to information and ideas to people. This may have been the principle behind the Governing Board of IFLA, in its anniversary meeting in Glasglow, Scotland (2002) that declared that public libraries should: Ensure their services respect equity Provide access to information, ideas and works of imagination in various formats, supporting personal development of all age groups and active participation in society and decision-making process Contribute to the development and maintenance of intellectual freedom and help safeguard basic democratic values and universal civil rights Acquire, preserve and make available to all users without discrimination the widest variety of materials; and Tackle information inequality demonstrated in the growing information gap and the digital divide. Social Information Exclusion Information exclusion and inclusion debates have emerged as strong issues at both national and international levels in the recent past. Social information exclusion offends human dignity, denies information seekers their fundamental human rights which threatens the democracy of any nation. According to UK government, social exclusion is a shorthand term for what can happen when people or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low income, poor housing, high crime, bad health and family breakdown. Social exclusion can happen to anyone either directly or indirectly. However, some people are significantly more at risk than others (Pateman, 2010). Social exclusion refers to needs of groups and individuals who do not have access to services and facilities or to a societys decision making and or power structures and this is sometimes seen as a key policy issue (Pateman, 2010). Rao (2005) suggested that social exclusion can never be contained in isolation but the effort has to be multidimensional and multi-pronged. These dimensions are both technological and economic and include connectivity, content, community, commerce, capacity, culture, cooperation and capital (Rao, 2000). The prevailing discourse concerning social exclusion reflects a set of views about those who are disadvantaged: suffering from poverty, poor housing and health, family breakdown, unemployment, criminal environments and limited life chances, and about the barriers that prevent their social integration. Social exclusion is the result of combination of linked problems and affects both individuals and communities. The causes are seen as multiple and complex, and therefore need to be tackled in a holistic way rather than each being seen as separate and unrelated. It requires joined-up solutions. This means that the Tanzania Library Services must work together in partnership with both public and private organization to tackle social information exclusion. Exclusion has been seen as the inevitable consequence of economic growth and development. Social and cultural regeneration are now needed to address the problems that have resulted. It is argued that social exclusion denies people their f undamental human rights leading to social and economic instability, marginalization and deepening inequalities, which threatens the stability of democracy in Tanzania . Social Information Inclusion In the context of provision of information to all, social information inclusion refers to giving all people access to the information, services and facilities that they have a right to, and making sure that they are fully aware of and know how to take up their entitlement to these services (MLA, 2007, p.9). Social inclusion has various benefits that include: Democratic participation and understanding Provision of information to all members of a society is essential for public participation in all activities pertaining to the society. The public is truly able to participate in the democratic process only when they have information about the activities and policies of the government. When the public knows the reasons behind some of the government decisions, its support is guaranteed and misunderstandings and dissatisfaction are reduced. This was supported by New Zealand Official Information Act of 1982 which noted that freedom of information could not be expected to end all differences of opinion within the community or to resolve major political issues but when applied systematically can lead to narrow differences of opinion, increase the effectiveness of policies adopted and strengthen public confidence in the system (Pateman, 2010). Improved decision making process Past researches indicate that decisions that are made public due to right to information laws are more likely to be based on objective and justifiable reasons. For example, the Australian law reform commission and administration Review Council in 1997 found out that freedom of information Act has had a marked impact on the way people make decisions and record information. The Commission observed that since the enforcement of the right to information to all, decision makers focused on the need to base decisions on relevant information. Reduce danger of human rights violations Right to information to improve the enforcement of many economic and political rights is greatly enhanced. For example, In Thailand, a mother whose daughter was denied entry into an elite state school demanded the schools entrance exam results. When she was turned down, she appealed to the Information Commission Courts. In the end, she obtained information showing that children of influential people were accepted into the school even if they got low scores. This compelled the council of state to issue an order that all schools accept students solely on merit. In addition, access to individual records ensures such records are accurate and decisions are not based on out-of-date or irrelevant information. The right to information has other advantages that include exposing corruption, making government and the economy more efficient; uncover mismanagement of food supplies; making economic shortages less likely; and expose environmental hazards that threaten health and livelihoods. Aspects of Information Exclusion Literacy levels and language of publications Levels of literacy and the predominance of principal world languages such as English as the language of printed and online information are elements of exclusion. Many oral communities are not able to make meaning through interaction with printed resources, and hence are unable to participate in the envisaged information society. Those oral communities consider interaction with information resources as a one way communication system, quite discontinuous with indigenous forms of communication. To tackle this challenge of literacy, TLS, which is the major public library in Tanzania, through various reading campaigns, provides opportunities for communities to enhance their reading and information seeking habits, and therefore sustain literacy. It is clearly known that, an informed individual has more advantages on proper decision towards development issue compared to a illiterate. Physical Access to libraries According to Kiondo (1998) distance from the library is a crucial factor in its use. The nearer the library, the more people will use it; and the further it is away; the less people will use it. Their research on Camel libraries affirmed this when the findings indicated that more users were within a distance of 1km from where public library services were being offered. Many libraries in Tanzania are concentrated in cities and major towns in Tanzania. This leaves the remote parts of the country excluded from access to information that is crucial for the communities to make informed decisions (Jemo, 2008) as an example from Kenya. Over the years, the Government of Tanzania through the Tanzania Library Services (TLS) has tried to eliminate this kind of exclusion by opening community and mobile libraries. Currently, TLS has over 50 branches spread countrywide. However, much more needs to be done because there are still large populations in exclusion that need to be included. Thus, among the 26 regions in Tanzania, there are still many districts where such libraries have not yet been established. It should be noted that Tanzania economy is backed on agriculture, of which are found in rural areas (districts). Challenged Persons The available public libraries in Tanzania were not designed keeping in mind the needs of the physically and visually challenged information users. This disadvantaged group form party of the society that needs information to enable them participate in all areas of national development. They also need to be sensitized more on their rights; something that can happen only if they have access to relevant information. ICT skills Many public libraries today have developed to what we call hybrid type; providing both print and electronic resources, while putting more emphasis on electronic resources due to their ability to be accessed by multiple users concurrently. Inadequate ICT skills and support to use electronic resources is however a significant factor in preventing certain persons from accessing information in Tanzania. Potential information users in many of the disadvantaged groups are often prevented from making use of ICTs because of low levels of computing and technology skills. This challenge is made more complex by attitudinal barriers with some excluded citizens pointing out that computers are for brainy people, for males, for the young and are difficult to use (Muddiman et al, 2001). Others feel that computers are unsafe because of the amount of unsuitable material on the internet (Botha et al, 2002,p. 22). Further research has indicated some disparities between male and female use in ICTs with access to the internet by male counterparts being greater in developing countries than female (United Nations , 2000). This has had serious implications, especially for women in the participation of national and global economic growth. Connectivity Though internet facilities are fairly spread in Tanzania like any other country in East Africa, there is remarkable concentration in urban centres with institutions far remote from cities experiencing difficulties in getting connection (Mutula,2002), an evidence of low level of exclusion with regard to ICT network. Hence appropriate technology for rural and disadvantaged communities is lacking. Even in the areas where communities are connected and have the skill to access online information they face another challenge of low speed internet and limited bandwidth. For example, to open a document to read takes quite a while because of the snail speed of the internet. Funding The planning, executing and implementation of any programme requires considerable financial support. However, the extent of financial support whether at local government or provincial government level in developing countries and particularly in Tanzania, has not always been consistent (Raju, 1995, p.194). Survey findings of the public library sector in Tanzania revealed inadequate funding and the consequential negative impact on important aspects of public library provision (Leach, 1998). A memorandum drawn up by the Library and Information Association of South Africa (LIASA) and directed at various ministers noted that the public library services have been steadily declining and deteriorating as a result of legislative and funding issues resulting from restructuring of government at national and provincial levels. Public library funding challenges were further emphasized by Ford (2004) who pointed out that funding is one of the major challenges for public libraries around the world. Without adequate funds, public libraries are not able to acquire enough information resources to meet the needs of an inclusive society. Bridging the Information Gap and the Way Forward Librarians as Information providers can make available a variety of information collections which can be used from various physical public library location. A range of publications and access formats can be accommodated, from remote login catalogues and indexes to provision of electronic copies of entire collection or works, in print or other formats (Muddiman etal, 2001). Librarians have knowledge and experiences to build a well-balanced collection to meet social, political and economic interests of the society. This can be enhanced by giving special consideration in provision of information to predominantly oral rural communities in Tanzania. Librarians need to shift focus on documents and focus on information seekers. Traditional librarianship has been based on selecting materials to fill public library shelves and then wait for information seekers to visit the facility in search of information. On the contrary, in order for the library personnel to effectively meet information seekers diverse life needs, the information services have to be informed by the communities in which the libraries operate, and information needs to be based on regular assessment processes. Repackaging the product of orality is essential considering that communities are rich with information that is in oral form that needs to be captured and repackaged (manuscripts and print) in the appropriate media such as video, digital photos, and tapes in a collaborative and ethical manner. This should be based on the understanding of the communities to which the information service is being provided. Librarians should become researchers to enable them to frequently interact with library users and prompt them to define their information needs. It is the responsibility of the librarian to then prioritize highly relevant information from a pool of interesting information according to user preferences (Kenny, 2002). In addition, the librarian should identify through community profiles and other methodologies such as needs analysis, all groups and individuals that are socially excluded or are at risk of information exclusion for inclusion. Librarians should effectively play the role of a reference and referral information manager. This will involve directing members of the knowledge community to outside information when appropriate and maintain high level information about sources outside the community (ibid). A reference librarian needs to be widely knowledgeable in terms of resources and where they can be found for use and appropriately directing information seekers to relevant information resources. Librarians through their professional Associations such as Tanzania Library Association (TLA) should establish a Council Committee on social information exclusion. This Council would be charged with the responsibility of highlighting the plight of those socially excluded, draw up strategies on narrowing the exclusion gap and come up with progress reports. The Council should actively engage the socially excluded people through involving them in the planning, implementation and monitoring of services through performance indicators and targets to measure success achieved in tackling social exclusion. The image and identity of a public library is also an important factor when discussing social inclusion matters. The connotation of some of the public library names is unwelcoming. The librarian can positively influence this by considering local measures such as renaming the libraries, (for example Community resource centres, Idea stores and many more). This is in line with Ward (1996) idea of changing names of libraries when he pointed out that the term mobile information delivery systems is more appropriate than the mobile libraries.The rebranding of a traditional public library name gives it a new image that is proactive, friendly, relevant and easily accessible environment. Other library practices and procedures should be reviewed to ensure they are not barriers to information access. For instance, procedures of becoming public library members should not be over-bureaucratic. Librarians should also establish more self-help public access terminal to overcome barriers to use experi enced by some excluded potential information users. Librarians need to be careful when planning for new public libraries. Priority should be given to those libraries serving communities in greatest need. Relocation and collocation with community centres, schools, leisure centres and other centres used by socially excluded people should be considered in order to improve the impact of public libraries in tackling social exclusion (Pateman, 2010). Working with neighbouring authorities to effectively deliver services to socially excluded communities may be an appropriate action for librarians to take. Collection development needs to be critically examined to ensure that it is comprehensive enough and relevant to the community which the library serves. The policy should be based on the needs and interests of local potential information users, reflecting diversity of society as well as define purpose, scope and content of the collection (Kinya, 2011). Librarians also need to liaise with material suppliers (writers, publishers, booksellers etc.) to identify the range of materials available for socially excluded people and gaps in that provision. To remain relevant, Librarians should draw up ICT plans outlining how the needs of those excluded communities and individuals are to be prioritized (Jemo, 2008).Take a case in Kenya Mutula (2002, p.3) puts it that wider Internet connectivity can enhance Kenyas economic growth meaning more people spending more time on the Internet and many organizations using the Internet to do business and creation of many technical related jobs. It is therefore the responsibility of librarians to improve connectivity, increase access, through use of multiple competing technologies, public and community access points, and sharing of best practices. Public library human resources should also be developed through ICT trainings, enhanced awareness of decision makers, and expansion of ICT learning opportunities to the rural, poor, and disenfranchised (Wolff , 2005). The Future In the context of a government that wishes to give a higher profile to information access, we need to raise critical questions about policies and the role of information access in reducing social exclusion. The emphasis on joined-up thinking at least recognizes the complexities of social and cultural life, and moves citizens away from over simplistic notions about the causes of poverty, unemployment, racism and other forms of discrimination. Librarians need to be aware of making simplistic assumptions, especially when there is prior experience upon which to draw their information decisions for the benefit of the citizenry. Despite their different epistemological bases, it is possible to be argued that there can be no social inclusion unless there is social exclusion. The elimination of social exclusion as a practical activity is unachievable. Moreover, seeking to promote social inclusion heighten awareness of difference and social exclusion. In this sense, we need to understand that non-exclusion is not the same as inclusion, and that we must avoid taking away the freedom of those who choose not to be included. Conclusion The social information exclusion in public libraries in Tanzania is real. Therefore along term effort to meet the needs of the excluded and vulnerable society with a commitment to improved information structures will contribute to meeting the information needs of the excluded information seekers in public libraries. This will only be achieved if there is improved and well coordinated information infrastructure. Regular information user surveys reviews will go a long way in minimizing information provision exclusion and subsequently increase inclusion of information services and programs. Librarians in Tanzania therefore have a greater opportunity to make meaningful contribution to the realization of comprehensive information inclusion.